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Browsing through my own photo library, I found this. It's a piece of aviation hardware (which might be a good what-if subject), but what is it for real? I'm puzzled.
I'll hazard a guess and say it's used to divert jet blast during maintenance ground runs.
In my 25 years in the Air Force (maintenance and operations), I never saw anything exactly like that, but it looks the part. All of my experience was on heavies, so we either towed the aircraft to a run stub, or did the runs on the spots with JBDs permanently installed.
This is just a guess, but it looks like a muffler or silencer used when running jet engines at high power on the ground for maintenance. The noise can be earsplitting, not to mention the complaints you'd get from the neighbors...
It's a fasibagopler Mk1. All four of your ideas sound plausible.